Título:	Latin America has the largest area under augmentative biological control worldwide, mainly with applications in open field crops.
Autoria:	LENTEREN, J. C. V. BUENO, V. H. BETTIOL, W.
Afiliação:	JOOP C. VAN LENTEREN, WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY; VANDA H.P. BUENO, UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE LAVRAS; WAGNER BETTIOL, CNPMA.
Ano de publicação:	2025
Referência:	Biological Control, v. 207, p. 105827, 2025.
Conteúdo:	Abstract: During the past 30 years, augmentative biological control (ABC) has received increasing interest and is now applied in a large diversity of crops on many hectares in Latin America and the Caribbean. Around the year 2000 4.35 million hectares were estimated to be treated with ABC, in 2018 this had grown to 31.4 million hectares, and the estimate for 2024 was about 62 million hectares. Many factors explain this dramatic increase, the most important being (a) the development of microbial agents that are relatively cheap compared to macrobial agents, easy to produce, store and apply, and reliable, (b) the fine tuning and drastic shortening of registration procedures, (c) a change in attitude towards use of alternatives for chemical pesticides among young farmers. However, there are also factors frustrating implementation of ABC of which the most important are the lobbying activities of the synthetic pesticide industry and lack of application of the true cost principle for these pesticides which makes them unrealistically cheap. Major differences with other world regions are that in Latin America ABC is almost exclusively applied in the open field, is often not based on development of resilient systems and changed in the 21st century from mainly using macrobial control agents to increased applications with microbial control agents.
Thesagro:	Doença de Planta Controle Biológico
NAL Thesaurus:	Biological control agents Latin America
Palavras-chave:	Biocontrol
ISSN:	1049-9644
Digital Object Identifier:	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2025.105827
Tipo do material:	Artigo de periódico
Acesso:	openAccess
Aparece nas coleções:	Artigo em periódico indexado (CNPMA)