Título:	Effect of freeze-drying and oven-drying on the physicochemical and morphological properties of marjoram essential oil beads produced by ionic gelation.
Autoria:	MAZZA, K. E. L. COSTA, A. M. M. BIZZO, H. R. TONON, R. V.
Afiliação:	KAREN ELBERT LEAL MAZZA, UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO; ANDRÉ MESQUITA MAGALHÃES COSTA, UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO; HUMBERTO RIBEIRO BIZZO, CTAA; RENATA VALERIANO TONON, CTAA.
Ano de publicação:	2026
Referência:	Sustainable Food Technology, v. 4, n. 3, p. 2709-2719, 2026.
Conteúdo:	This study explored the impact of different drying methods – freeze-drying (FD) and oven-drying (OD) – on the physicochemical properties of marjoram essential oil (MEO) beads produced by ionic gelation. Microencapsulation was performed by extrusion–dripping of emulsions containing 2 g/100 g MEO, 1.25 g/100 mL sodium alginate and 1.25 g/100 mL whey protein isolate into a 0.175 mol L−1 CaCl2 gelling bath. The beads were dried either by freeze-drying (FD) for 24 h or by hot-air oven drying (OD) at 60 °C for 24 h. After drying, the beads were characterized in terms of encapsulation efficiency, chemical composition by GC-MS and GC-FID, moisture content, and thermal degradation by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The beads' morphology was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FD beads retained a higher MEO content (51.25%) compared to OD beads (33.75%) (p < 0.05). Morphological analysis indicated a brittle structure and larger pores in FD beads, whereas OD beads exhibited a denser and less porous surface. Moreover, FD beads showed higher thermal stability than OD beads. The study concludes that the choice of drying technique plays a crucial role in the beads' physicochemical and morphological properties. Overall, the results demonstrate that the drying method plays a crucial role in the physicochemical and morphological properties of the beads, with freeze-drying being more effective in preserving essential oil content and thermal stability.
Thesagro:	Tecnologia de Alimento Óleo Essencial Manjericão Liofilização Secagem Estufa Propriedade Físico-Química
NAL Thesaurus:	Essential oils Marjoram Microencapsulation Freeze drying Physicochemical properties Plant morphology Alginates
Digital Object Identifier:	https://doi.org/10.1039/d5fb00857c
Tipo do material:	Artigo de periódico
Acesso:	openAccess
Aparece nas coleções:	Artigo em periódico indexado (CTAA)