Title:	Trunk girdling increased stomatal conductance in Cabernet Sauvignon Grapevines, reduced glutamine, and increased malvidin-3-glucoside and quercetin-3-glucoside concentrations in skins and pulp at harvest.
Authors:	PEREIRA, G. E. PADHI, E. M. T. GIRARDELLO, R. C. MEDINA-PLAZA, C. TSENG, D. BRUCE, R. C. ERDMANN, J. N. KURTURAL, S. K. SLUPSKY, C. M. OBERHOLSTER, A.
Affiliation:	GIULIANO ELIAS PEREIRA, CNPUV EMILY M. T. PADHI, Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States RAUL C. GIRARDELLO, Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States CRISTINA MEDINA-PLAZA, Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States DAVE TSENG, Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States ROBERT C. BRUCE, Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States JESSE N. ERDMANN, Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States SAHAP K. KURTURAL, Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States CAROLYN M. SLUPSKY, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States ANITA OBERHOLSTER, Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.
Date Issued:	2020
Citation:	Frontiers in Plant Science, v. 11, e707, June 2020.
Description:	Girdling is a traditional horticultural practice applied at fruit set or other phenological stages, and is used mostly as a vine management. In grapevines, it is used primarily for table grapes to improve berry weight, sugar content, color, and to promote early harvest. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of trunk girdling applied at veraison, in ?Cabernet Sauvignon? wine grapes (Vitis vinifera L.), on agronomical and physiological parameters during vine development from the onset of ripening (veraison) to harvest, and additionally to quantify the effect of girdling on primary and secondary metabolism. Girdling was applied 146 days after pruning (dap) at veraison, when berry sampling for metabolomics and agronomical evaluations commenced, with a further three sampling dates until harvest, at 156 dap (30% maturation, 10 days after girdling-dag), 181 dap (70% maturation, 35 dag), and 223 dap (commercial harvest, 77 dag). Skin/pulp and seed tissues were extracted separately and metabolomics was performed using one-dimensional proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1D 1H NMR) spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD). At harvest, girdling significantly increased stomatal conductance (gs) in vines, decreased glutamine concentrations, and increased anthocyanin and flavonol concentrations in the skin/pulp tissues of grape berries. Berry weight was reduced by 27% from 181 dap to harvest, and was significantly higher in grapes from girdled vines at 181 dap. Sugars, organic acids, and other amino acids in skin/pulp or seeds were not significantly different, possibly due to extra-fascicular phloem vessels transporting metabolites from leaves to the roots. Using a metabolomics approach, differences between skin/pulp and seeds tissues were meaningful, and a greater number of secondary metabolites in skin/pulp was affected by girdling than in seeds. Girdling is a simple technique that could easily be applied commercially on vine management to improve berry color and other phenolics in ?Cabernet Sauvignon? grapes. Keywords: amino acids, biosynthesis, grape and wine, 1H NMR spectroscopy, metabolome, organic acids, phenolic compounds and sugars, Vitis vinifera L.
Thesagro:	Vitis Vinifera
NAL Thesaurus:	Amino acids Biosynthesis Grapes Wines Wine grapes Spectroscopy Metabolome Phenolic compounds
Keywords:	H NMR spectroscopy Vitis vinifera L Phenolic compounds and sugars Organic acids
DOI:	10.3389/fpls.2020.00707
Type of Material:	Artigo de periódico
Access:	openAccess
Appears in Collections:	Artigo em periódico indexado (CNPUV)