Title:	Mid-infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for the detection of ciprofloxacin and Bronopol® residues in milk.
Authors:	SANTOS, C. P. da S. dos BARBOSA, R. S. SOUZA, R. D. FERNANDES, S. A. de A.
Affiliation:	CLEIDIANE PEREIRA DA SILVA DOS SANTOS, UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DO SUDOESTE DA BAHIA; ROSANGELA SILVEIRA BARBOSA, CPACT; ROMICY DERMONDES SOUZA, UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DO SUDOESTE DA BAHIA; SÉRGIO AUGUSTO DE ALBUQUERQUE FERNANDES, UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DO SUDOESTE DA BAHIA.
Date Issued:	2026
Citation:	Food Chemistry, v. 504, p.147826, 2026.
Description:	Abstract: The presence of antibiotic residues in milk poses a critical challenge to public health and food safety due to the risks of adverse reactions, disruptions in intestinal microbiota, and especially the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Although conventional detection methods such as chromatography are effective, they have limitations including high cost, lengthy analysis time, and the need for specialized labor. This study investigated the application of mid-infrared Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-MIR), combined with chemometrics, as a rapid and effective alternative to detect ciprofloxacin residues and to evaluate the impact of the preservative Bronopol® in milk samples. In the first experiment, Bronopol® induced subtle yet consistent spectral modifications, enabling a clear distinction between sample groups through PCA across all preprocessing techniques (LBC, MSC, SNV, and SGD). Among them, the LBC approach exhibited the best performance, with PC1 and PC2 explaining 74.2 % and 18.5 % of the total variance, respectively. For classification purposes, the PLS model preprocessed with LBC achieved a sensitivity of 98.4 %, a specificity of 97.5 %, and an overall accuracy of 97.8 %, successfully discriminating all milk samples with and without Bronopol®. In the second experiment, distinct spectral variations were observed as a function of ciprofloxacin exposure time. PCA results showed that PC1 and PC2 accounted for 43.76 % and 35.67 % of the total variance, respectively, representing 79.43 % overall.The results confirm that FTIR-MIR combined with chemometric techniques is a promising, non-destructive, and efficient approach for monitoring milk contaminants and ensuring quality control and food safety compliance.
Thesagro:	Leite Antibiótico Resíduo
NAL Thesaurus:	Antibiotic residues Ciprofloxacin Chemometrics Infrared spectroscopy
Keywords:	Espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo Quimiometria Bronopol
DOI:	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.147826
Type of Material:	Artigo de periódico
Access:	openAccess
Appears in Collections:	Artigo em periódico indexado (CPACT)