Título:	Survey of nutritional recommendations and management practices adopted by nutritionists of dairy cattle in Brazil: Calves management.
Autor:	SILVA, D. P. da MILLEN, D. D. PEDROSO, A. M.
Afiliación:	DIEGO PIOVEZAN DA SILVA, UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO; DANILO DOMINGUES MILLEN, UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO; ALEXANDRE MENDONÇA PEDROSO, CPPSE.
Año:	2013
Referencia:	In: REUNIÃO ANUAL DA SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE ZOOTECNIA, 50., 2013, Campinas. A integração do conhecimento na produção animal: anais. Piracicaba: ESALQ/USP, 2013.
Descripción:	This study conducted at UNESP, Dracena campus, was designed to describe the nutritional recommendations and management practices adopted by dairy cattle nutritionists in Brazil. The 43 nutritionists, responsible for dairy farms throughout Brazil, who agreed to participate in this survey were contacted by e-mail or telephone and received preliminary instructions about participating in the survey. In a subsequent e-mail message, instructions were provided on how to access the survey, and each participant was assigned an identification number. The participants were guaranteed anonymity and asked to complete the survey as quickly as possible. All 43 consultants completed the survey within one month. This survey consisted of 77 questions, which were available online through the Web-based survey tool (http://www.surveymonkey.com) during one month. After this one-month period, all data were tabulated in an Excel Spreadsheet, and the number of responses, mean, minimum value, maximum value, and mode were calculated for all questions. The main methods for providing colostrum to newborns calves were controlled (n = 22; 51.2%), ad libitum (n = 13; 30.2%), direct from the cow (n = 6; 13.9%), and forced ingestion by oroesophageal tube (n = 2; 4.7%). In addition, 28 nutritionists (65.1%) reported that the farms of their clients have no colostrum bank, which means that they obtain the colostrum from the cow and offer immediately to the calves. With respect to the systems used to raise calves, 32 nutritionists (76.2%) responded that their clients use individual housing, and 10 (23.8%) reported the use of group-housed calves for the most part of their clients. Regarding methods to offer milk to the calves in the farms serviced by the nutritionists interviewed, 58.1% (n = 25) reported the use of buckets, 25.6% (n = 11) the use of nipples, 9.3% (n = 4) the use of buckets with nipple, and 7.0% (n = 3) responded that their clients do not offer milk to the calves. Most part of the nutritionists surveyed (n = 41; 95.4%) reported that their clients offer milk to the calves twice daily. According to the nutritionists interviewed, the average daily supply of milk ranged from four to six liters for 36 of them (83.7%), two to three liters for four (9.3%) and more than six liters for three respondents (6.98%). With respect to the type of milk offered to the calves, 29 participants (70.7%) responded that their clients use raw milk, 10 (24.4%) reported the use of discard milk, and two nutritionists (4.9%) reported the use of powdered milk. The main criteria adopted by the nutritionists to wean calves were live weight (n = 15; 35.7%), age (n = 15; 35.7%), and concentrate ingestion (n = 12; 28.6%). Moreover, the weaning age recommended by the most part of nutritionists surveyed (n = 23; 53.5%) was between 60 to 80 days. This study presents a part of an overview of the practices and management recommendations adopted by nutritionists in the Brazilian dairy farms, and may help guide the development of new hypotheses for research involving dairy calves.
Thesagro:	Gado Leiteiro Colostro
NAL Thesaurus:	Best management practices Nutritionists Dairy cattle Colostrum Breast feeding Surveys
Tipo de Material:	Resumo em anais e proceedings
Acceso:	openAccess
Aparece en las colecciones:	Resumo em anais de congresso (CPPSE)