Title:	Microwave-intensified Hofmann carbylamine reaction enabled by Span® 80: rapid access to isocyanides in a biphasic system.
Authors:	SILVA, W. A. SILVA, S. C. S. T. da PASSOS, S. T. A.
Affiliation:	WENDER ALVES SILVA, UNIVERSITY OF BRASILIA; SAYURI CRISTINA SANTOS TAKADA DA SILVA, CENARGEN; SAULO TARSO ALVES PASSOS, UNIVERSITY OF BRASILIA.
Date Issued:	2026
Citation:	Molecules, v. 31, n. 15, 2620, 2026.
Description:	Isocyanides constitute a valuable class of organic compounds widely employed in multicomponent reactions (MCRs), heterocycle synthesis, and drug discovery. However, their broader application is limited by low commercial availability and hazardous classical synthetic methods. Herein, we report a greener microwave-assisted protocol for the efficient synthesis of isocyanides through a modified Hofmann carbylamine reaction. The methodology is based on the in situ generation of dichlorocarbene from near-stoichiometric amounts of chloroform and sodium hydroxide, using Span® 80 (sorbitan monooleate) as a biodegradable phase-transfer catalyst under microwave irradiation. Importantly, the protocol eliminates the need for aqueous workup procedures, thereby reducing waste generation and improving the overall sustainability of the process. A broad range of aliphatic-, aromatic-, and amino-acid-derived isocyanides was obtained in moderate-to-excellent isolated yields (43–96%) within 30 min, without isolation of intermediates. Compared with conventional approaches, the proposed methodology avoids toxic dehydrating agents such as POCl3 and phosgene, eliminates the need for formamide precursors, and reduces hazardous by-products associated with dehydration processes. The protocol is operationally simple, scalable, and represents a practical, convergent, and environmentally more benign alternative for isocyanide synthesis.
Keywords:	Isocyanides Hofmann carbylamine reaction Microwave-assisted synthesis Biphasic system
DOI:	https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31152620
Notes:	Na publicação: Sayuri Cristina Santos Takada.
Type of Material:	Artigo de periódico
Access:	openAccess
Appears in Collections:	Artigo em periódico indexado (CENARGEN)