Title:	Water performance indicators and benchmarks for dairy production systems.
Authors:	PALHARES, J. C. P. MATARIM, D. L. SOUSA, R. V. de MARTELLO, L. S.
Affiliation:	JULIO CESAR PASCALE PALHARES, CPPSE; DANIELLE LEAL MATARIM, UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO; RAFAEL VIEIRA DE SOUSA, UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO; LUCIANE SILVA MARTELLO, UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO.
Date Issued:	2024
Citation:	Walter, v. 16, n. 2, 330, 2024.
Description:	The aim of the study is to discern benchmarks for the indicators L water cow−1 day−1 and L water kg milk−1 day−1 per type of production system and season. A total of 876 commercial dairy farms underwent comprehensive water consumption monitoring from January 2021 to December 2022. The monitored water consumptions were animal drinking water and water usage for cleaning. Confined systems exhibited the highest average for animal drinking and cleaning, 87.5 L water cow−1 day−1 and 84.4 L water cow−1 day−1, respectively. Semi-confined systems presented the lowest average for animal drinking, 54.4 L water cow−1 day−1. Pasture systems showed the lowest average for cleaning, 45.2 L water cow−1 day−1. The benchmarks proposed in this study can serve as the first references for animal drinking and milking parlor washing consumption for production systems in tropical conditions.
Thesagro:	Gado Leiteiro Indicador Econômico Confinamento
NAL Thesaurus:	Water Dairy products Drinking Pastures Dairy cattle
Keywords:	Confined Semi-confined Washing parlor Confinado Semi-confinado
ISSN:	2073-4441
DOI:	https://doi.org/10.3390/w16020330
Type of Material:	Artigo de periódico
Access:	openAccess
Appears in Collections:	Artigo em periódico indexado (CPPSE)